2015年12月3日
支持应对气候变化真正解决措施的公民社会宣言
国际金融机构、各国政府及其他行为体经常在宣传中把大型水电站描述成“清洁、绿色”的电力来源。修建大型水电站能够从应对气候变化的相关机制中获得很大的利益，包括清洁发展机制(CDM)下的碳信用、世界银行气候投资基金的借款以及其他出口信用机构和绿色债券的特别融资条件等。大坝产业提倡由绿色气候基金(Green Climate Fund)来出资支持大型水电站的建设，许多政府也将修建大坝纳入该国应对气候变化的措施当中。例如，至少有12个水电行业规模较大的国家政府都将扩大水力发电纳入了“国家自主贡献”(INDCs)报告中。
目前在建和规划中的水电站超过3700个，其中原因之一就是能够得到来自应对气候变化相关机制的支持。然而大型水电站并不是应对气候变化的正确解决方案。国内和国际应对气候变化的机制不应该将大型水电站包括在内的原因如下：
1. 大坝水库会释放出大量温室气体，尤其是在热带地区。一份经过同行评议的报告显示，水库释放的沼气（甲烷）占人为气候变化的4%——与航天业对气候的影响相近。在某些情况下，水电站生产同样的电能比煤炭发电站排放的温室气体还多。
2. 河流每年能从大气中吸收2亿吨含碳气体。此外，亚马逊河、刚果河、恒河、湄公河等河流可以将淤泥冲到海里，为浮游生物提供食物，同时吸收大量的含碳气体。水电站和其他大坝会阻碍河流运送淤泥和营养物，削弱河流的碳汇效果。
3. 水电站会让水系统和能源系统更容易受到气候变化的影响。预料之外的洪水会对大坝安全产生严重的威胁：自2010年起，洪水仅在美国境内就导致100多座大坝运转失常。建坝也会导致印度的北阿坎德邦(Uttarakhand)等脆弱山区受到更加严重的洪水侵袭。同时，极端干旱出现的频率增加也让水电站的经济风险越来越高：从非洲到巴西，许多依靠水电站发电的国家都在经历水电产能不足的窘境。
4. 相比风能、太阳能以及小水电项目来说，大坝会对重要的生态系统造成严重的、不可逆的损失。受到建坝以及其他因素的影响，淡水生态系统内的生物自1970年起已经平均减少了76%，高于海洋生态系统和陆地生态系统的生物减少速度。通过修建大坝来保护生态系统不受气候变化的影响就像牺牲地球的动脉来保护肺一样不合理。
5. 大型水电站对当地社区有着严重的影响，而且经常侵害当地居民在土地、居住区域、资源、治理、文化传承、自由的事前知情同意等方面的权利。大坝的修建已经导致至少4000-8000万居民被转移，并且估计对河流下游4.72亿居民的生活造成了消极影响。然而，受到大坝影响社区在抵抗时面临的却经常是极度恶劣的人权侵害。
6. 大 型水电站项目不一定是为穷人增加能源供给的有效工具。相比风能、太阳能和小型水电站来说，大型水电站项目依靠的是中央电网，在向农村人口传送电能时并不能 节省成本，在撒哈拉以南的非洲和喜马拉雅地区尤其如此。虽然开发商经常宣称水电产能是为了服务穷人，但大型水电站的建设往往是为了满足采矿和其他大型工业 项目的需求。
7. 即使在某些情况下大型水电站是好的解决方案，利用水电站来应对环境危机也是一个费时费力的方式。大型水电站平均超支96%，超时44%。相比来说，风能和太阳能项目修建速度更快，而且超支平均不会超过10%。
8. 水电已经不再是一门创新技术，近几十年来也没能取得重大的技术突破，而风能和太阳能则并非如此。气候资金的投入无法像在太阳能产业一样为水电产业产生进一步的规模经济效应，也无法鼓励新技术向发展中国家转移。
9. 风能和太阳能已经是现成的技术，财政上也更有竞争力，而且已经赶超大型水电站，能够提供新的发电能力。随着电网变得更加轻便，蓄电池的价格也越来越低，我们已经不再需要修建新的水电站来平衡可再生能源产能的不连续性。
10. 水电站项目现在占清洁能源机制(CDM)所有项目的26%， 而且在气候变化机制中得到了大量支持。支持大型水电站项目的气候资金挤占了风能、太阳能、小水电等能够为气候变化提供真正解决方案的项目资源，同时也营造 了在真正采取气候变化应对措施的假象。把修建大型水电站包括在应对气候变化的机制中掩盖了提供其他真正解决措施的需要，而这种做法是错误的。
基于以上原因，以下署名的机构和个人呼吁政府、金融机构和其他机构将大型水电站排除在应对气候变化的机制之外。一切应对气候变化和提供能源的解决措施都应当尊重当地社区的权利和生计。
SPONSORS:
Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact • Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Ambiente • Amazon Watch • Bianca Jagger Human Rights Foundation • Carbon Market Watch • France Liberte • International Rivers • Jeunes Volontaires pour l'Environnement International • Oxfam International • REDLAR • Rios Vivos • Rivers Without Boundaries • South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People • Urgewald
CO-SIGNERS:
Afghanistan
Youth for Change Afghanistan Organization (YCAO)
Argentina
Asociación Ambientalista MayuSumaj - Asociacion Amigos de los Parques Nacionales - La Asociación Amigos de los Parques Nacionales (AAPN)
Armenia
EcoClub "Tapan"
Australia
Aboriginal Rights Coalition
Bangladesh
Alliance for Cooperation and Legal Aid Bangladesh (ACLAB) - Awaj Foundation - Badhan Hijra Sangha (BHS) - Bangladesh Adivasi Forum (BAF) - Bangladesh Centre for Human Rights and Development (BCHRD) - Center for Bangladesh Studies (CBS) - Chittagong Hill Tracts Citizens' Committee (CHTCC) - Chittagong Hill Tracts Indigenous Jumma Association - CLEAN (Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network) - Dhaka Single Women Association (DSWA) - EquityBD - JAGO NARI - Kapaeeng Foundation (KF) - Light House - Participatory Research Action Network (PRAN) - Peoples Development Community (PDC) - UBINIG (Policy Research for Development Alternative) - Zabarang Kalyan Samity (ZKS)
Brazil
Articulação de Mulheres Brasileiras - Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil - APIB - Apremavi - Associação de Preservação do Meio Ambiente e da Vida - Associação Ambientalista Corrente Verde - Stª Mª da Vitória-Bahia - Associação de Defesa Etnoambiental - Kanindé - CNLB - Coletivo de Mulheres de Altamira - Comissão Paroquial de Meio Ambiente (CPMA) - Caetite - Ecoa - Ecologia e Ação - Folha de Ipiíba - Forum da Amazônia Oriental - FAOR - Forum em Defesa de Altamira - Fórum Mudanças Climáticas e Justiça Social - Fundação Tocaia - Grupo Semente - Instituto Brasileiro de Análises Sociais e Econômicas (IBASE) - Instituto GAIA - Instituto Panamericano do Ambiente e Sustentabilidade (IPAN) - Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB) - Movimento Munduruku Ipereg Ayu - Movimento Tapajós Vivo - Movimento Xingu Vivo Para Sempre (MXVPS) - O Grupo de Defesa da Amazônia - Operação Amazônia Nativa - OPAN - UFPA
Burkina Faso
Centre de Documentation et de Recherche Economiques et Sociales (CEDRES)
Cambodia
Banteay Srei - Cambodia Indigenous Youth Association (CIYA) - Equitable Cambodia - Highlanders' Association (HA) - Positive Change for Cambodia (PCC)
Cameroon
Green Development Advocates
Canada
Atlantic Regional Solidarity Network
Chile
Agrupación Cultural Wekeche - Agrupación Ecológica Altué - Amigos del Río San Rodrigo - Chile Sustentable - COMISIÓN JUSTICIA Y PAZ - Comité Pro Defensa de la Fauna y Flora (CODEFF) - Consejo de Defensa de la Patagonia Chilena (CDP) - Corporación Chile Ambiente - Corporación Privada para el Desarrollo de Aysén - Ecosistemas - Etica en los Bosques - Fiscalía de Medio Ambiente (FIMA) - Fundacion Nahuelbuta - Fundación Terram - Futaleufú Riverkeeper - Geute Conservación Sur - Observatorio Ciudadano - ONG FIMA - Verdeseo - Agrupacion Aysen Reserva de Vida - Colalición Ciudadana Aysén Reserva de Vida - Coalición Ecuménica por el Cuidado de la Creación
China
Taiwan Associaton for Rights Advancement for Ping Pu Plains. Aborigine Peoples (TARA-Ping Pu)
Colombia
Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad - ASPROCIG - Censat Agua Viva - Instituto Latinoamericano para una Sociedad y un Derechos Alternativos (ILSA) - Movimiento Rios Vivos
Costa Rica
Asada Santa Cecila - COECOCEIBA - La Asociación Amigos de los Parques Nacionales (AAPN) - Fundación Neotrópica - Movimiento en defensa de los rios de Dota - PROAL-JAKUII (Proyectos alternativos/Pacuare) - UCR
Democratic Republic of Congo
Actions pour les Droits, l'Environnement et la Vie (ADEV) - La Coalition Réforme et Action Publique (CORAP) - Le Conseil Regional des Organisations Non Gouvernementales de Developpement (CRONGD)
Denmark
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
Dominican Republic
Brigada Cimarrona Sebastián Lemba
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Human Rights Council
France
Fondation Danielle Mitterrand-France Libertés - International Council for the Indigenous Peoples of CHT (ICIP-CHT)
Georgia
Center of Innovative Development of Enterprises, EaP National Platform WG - Green Alternative
Germany
Urgewald
Guatemala
Breaking the Silence Maritimes-Guatemala Solidarity Network - CERIxim, el Colectivo de Estudios Rurales Ixim - Colectivo MadreSelva
India
Adivasi Women's Network (AWN) - Association for Promotion Sustainable Development (APSD) - Bharat Jan Vigyan Jatha - Bible Hill Youth Club - Borok Peoples' Human Rights Organisation (BPHRO) - Center for Advancement of Public Understanding of Science & Technology (CAPUST) - Centre for Research and Advocacy, Manipur (CRAM) - Civil Society Women Organization (CSWO) - Clean Energy Access - Empower INDIA - Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India - Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) - Gram Bharati Samiti (GBS) - Gramya Resource Centre for Women - India Climate Justice Platform - India Network on Ethics and Climate Change - Indigenous Perspectives - INECC - Lok Shakti Abhiyan - Manthan Adhyayan Kendra - Mishing Bane Kebang - Naga Peoples Movement for Human Rights (NPMHR) - Paryavaran Suraksha Samiti - River Research Centre - Samajik Seva Sadan - Sikkim Bhutia Lepcha Apex Committee - Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) - South Asian Dialogues on Ecological Democracy - South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers & People - The Timbaktu Collective - The Vigyan Vijay Foundation, New Delhi - ToxicsWatch Alliance (TWA) - VIKALP - Zo Indigenous Forum (ZIF) - Zomi Human Rights Foundation (ZHRF)
Indonesia
Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) - Inspirator Muda Nusantara - Serikat Perempuan Indonesia (Indonesian Women Organization) (SERUNI) - WALHI Jawa Barat
Italy
SONIA for a Just New World (SONIA)
Kazakhstan
Feminist League - "Jabagly-Manas" Mountain Club Public Association
Kenya
Indigenous Information Network (IIN) - International Alliance of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests (IAITPTF) - Jamaa Resource Initiatives - Sengwer Indigenous Peoples Programme
Kyrgyzstan
Central Asia Toxic Action Network
Malaysia
#PowerShiftMsia - Borneo Project - Borneo Resources Institute (BRIMAS) - Communities’ Information and Communications Centre (CICOM) - Community-Led Environmental Awareness for our River (CLEAR) - Jaringan Orang Asal SeMalaysia (JOAS) - Partners of Community Organisations (PACOS Trust) - Persatuan Belia Perubahan Iklim - Sarawak Citizens Movement (GASAK) - Sarawak Natives Customary Land Rights Network - SAVE Rivers Network
Mauritania
ONG Mer Bleue
Mexico
Agencia Internacional de Prensa Indígena (AIPIN) - CeIBA AC - Centro de Análisis e Investigación - Congreso Nacional de Comunicación Indígena (CNCI) - FUNDAR - Otros Mundos AC - Prodefensa del Nazas, A.C. - Servicios para una Educación Alternativa
Moldova
Eco-TIRAS International Association of River Keepers
Mongolia
Centre for Human Rights and Development (CHRD) - Gobi Soil - OT Watch - Rivers without Boundaries International Coalition - Steps Without Borders
Myanmar
Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) - Justice and Peace Commission (JPC)/Catholic Bishops' Conference of Myanmar (CBCM) - Nationalities Youth Forum (NYF) - Promotion Of Indigenous and Nature Together (POINT)
Nepal
Active Society Nepal (ASN) - Ageing Nepal - Beyond Beijing Committee (BBC) - Beyond Beijing Committee (BBC) - Center for Indigenous Peoples' Research and Development (CIPRED) - Federation of Nepalese Indigenous Nationalities Journalists (FONIJ) - Indigenous Nationalities Women Youth Network (INWYN) - Kirat Chamling Association (KCA) - Kirat Chamling Language Culture Development Association (KCLCDA) - Kirat Chamling Youth Society (KCYS) - Kirat Welfare Society (KWS) - Kirat Youth Society (KYS) - Kulung Mimchha Guskham (KMG) - Lawyers' Association for Human Rights of Nepalese Indigenous Peoples (LAHURNIP) - National Forum for Advocacy, Nepal (NAFAN) - Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) - Nepal Kirat Kulung Bhasa Sankskriti Utthan Sangh (NKKBSUS) - Nepal Magar Association (NMA) - People Unity Youth Society (PUYS) - SunFarmer - United Coalition of Against All Discrimination, Nepal (UCAAD) - Unity Society - Youth Awareness Society Nepal (YASN) - Youth Federation of Indigenous Nationalities, Nepal (YFIN)
Netherlands
Both ENDS - Netherlands Centre for Indigenous Peoples (NCIV) - River Basin Friends (NE)
Nicaragua
Centro de los Derechos del Campesino (CEDECAM) - Centro para la Autonomía y Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CADPI)
Nigeria
Labour,Health and Human Rights Development Centre
Pakistan
Advocacy, Research, Training and Services (ARTS) Foundation - DAMAAN Development Organization
Panama
Alianza para la Conservacion y el Desarrollo (ACD) - Centro de Incidencia Ambiental (CIAM)
Peru
Centro de Promocion Estudios de la Mujer - Instituto Jajachupan - Movimiento Ciudadano frente al Cambio Climático (MOCICC) - Paz y Esperanza
Philippines
Alyansa Tigil Mina (Alliance Against Mining) - Asia Indigenous Peoples Netowrk on Extractive Energy and Industries (AIPNEE) - Asia Pacific Indigenous Youth Network (APIYN) - Asia Pacific Research Network (APRN) - Asian Peoples' Movement on Debt and Development (APMDD) - BAI Indigenous Women's Network - Center for Women's Resources (CWR) - Cordillera Disaster Response & Development Services (CorDis RDS), Inc. - Cordillera Indigenous Peoples Legal Center (DINTEG) - Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA) - International Indigenous Peoples Movement for Self Determination and Liberation (IPMSDL) - KALIKASAN-People's Network for the Environment - Kalipunan ng Mga Katutubong Mamamayan ng Pilipinas (KATRIBU) - Migrante International - NGO Forum on ADB - Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM) - Philippine Task Force for Indigenous Peoples Rights (TFIP) - Tebtebba (Indigenous Peoples' International Centre for Policy Research and Education) - Tribal Government of the Philippines
Russia
Altai Regional Public Fund for 21st Century Altai - Amur Ecological Club Ulukitkan - Arkhangelsk Regional Youth Ecological Public Organisation (Aetas) - Association of Environmental Journalists - Biodiversity Conservation Center - Bureau for Regional Outreach Campaigns (BROC) - Buryat Regional Association on Lake Baikal - Center for Support of Indigenous Peoples of the North (CSIPN) - Council of the All-Russian Public Organization "Socio-Ecological Union" (SEU) - ECA Green Movement - Ecological Center "Dront" - Environmental Watch on North Caucasus - Great Baikal Trail Association-Buryatia - Green Branch - Green Cross - Green Don - Institute of General and Experimental Biology SB RAS - Interregional Environmental Organization ECA - Interregional Non-Governmental Environmental Foundation ISAR-Siberia - IPEN/Eco-Accord - ISAR-Siberia - Kola Biodiversity Conservation Center - Krasnoyarsk Regional Environmental Public Organization "Plotina" - Magadan Centre of Environment - NGO Environmental Watch on the North Caucasus - Public Ecological Centre of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - Public Environmental Monitoring Network of The Sakha Republic - Rivers without Boundaries International Coalition - Russian Ecological Congress - Socio-Ecological Union (SEU) International - The Third Planet from the Sun
Senegal
ARCADE - Lumière Synergie pour le Développement
Sri Lanka
Earth Environment Protect Organization (EEPO) - Sevalanka Foundation
Switzerland
Bruno Manser Fund
Tajikistan
Foundation to Support Civil Initiatives (FSCI)
Tanzania
Pastoralists Indigenous Non-Governmental Organization's Forum (PINGO's Forum)
Thailand
Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD) - Community Resource Centre - Focus on the Global South Mangrove Action Project - Sustainable Development Foundation (SDF)
Uganda
National Association of Professional Environmentalists (NAPE) - Uganda Land Alliance (ULA)
United Kingdom
Bianca Jagger Human Rights Foundation - Forest Peoples Programme (FPP) - International Tibet Network
United States
Amazon Watch - Bank Information Center - Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) - EarthRights International (ERI) - Friends of the Earth US - Gender Action - Inclusive Development International (IDI) - Institute for Policy Studies - International Accountability Project - Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) - Rainforest Action Network - St. George Island Institute
Uruguay
CEUTA
Uzbekistan
Public Association "EKOLANDSKAPE"
Vietnam
CCD - Centre for Sustainable Community Development (S-CODE) - Centre for Sustainable Development in Mountainous Areas (CSDM) - Centre of Research and Development in Upland Areas (CERDA) - Experimental School - FREC - Ho Chi Minh National Politic Academy - People and Nature Reconciliation - Vietnam Indigenous Knowledge Network (VTIK)
International
Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) - Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Ambiente (AIDA) - CEE Bankwatch Network - Carbon Market Watch - International Rivers - International Socio-Ecological Union - Jeunes Volontaires pour l'Environnement (JVE) - Oxfam - REDLAR